Previous studies have used LPS, soluble CD14 (a marker of monocyte activation), lipoteichoic acid (a component of gram-positive cell walls), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (an acute-phase protein that binds LPS), and endotoxin core antibody (an antibody to LPS) as proxy markers of microbial translocation during HIV infection, with divergent, inconsistent results in comparison to clinical outcome, immune activation, and each other [11, 12, 16, 22, 24, 27–29, 35, 36]. This evidence concerns the gene CD14 and HIV infectious disease.