CSF2 and neoplasm: In our cohort of 24 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas receiving neoadjuvant GVAX®vaccination, which is a tumor vaccine composed of autologous tumor cells genetically modified to secrete granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the ratios of CD8+ T cell to CD68+ T cell are favorable predictors of survival, as reported in other malignancies [100,101].