At the later phase of infection, where the macrophages are sufficiently or over activated, 1,25-(OH)2D3 acts to dampen the proinflammatory response by reducing the production of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), nitric oxide, and co-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), and increasing the production of IL-10, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine [32,33]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.