TNF and diabetes mellitus: Mechanistically, the adipocytes and immunocytes produce various proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6 (interleukin-6) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) that are involved in the pathogenesis of DM (Crook, 2004; Donath, 2013; Mahmoud and Al-Ozairi, 2013; Patel et al., 2013; Gratas-Delamarche et al., 2014).