CD4 and glaucoma: Here we show that: (1) a transient elevation of IOP is sufficient to induce CD4+ T-cell infiltration into the retina; (2) T-cell responses are essential in the development of progressive glaucomatous neurodegeneration following IOP elevation; (3) both bacterial and human HSPs are target antigens of these T cells; and (4) HSP-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and glaucomatous neurodegeneration are both abolished in mice raised in the absence of commensal microbial flora (germ-free (GF) mice), supporting a mechanism of bacteria sensitized T-cell responses underlying the pathogenesis of glaucoma.