TNF and cancer: Here, we provide several lines of in vitro evidence to reveal that base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), DNA replication, the cell cycle, the p53 signaling pathway, cancer-related pathways, circadian rhythms, and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, are involved in the UV-induced cell death of HBx-expressing cells and HBV-infection-associated MD.