In contrast, findings from a recent study using a three-dimensional culture model suggested that PIAS3 promotes the SUMOylation of the HECT-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase Smurf2 with important implications for suppression of TGFβ-induced EMT and invasiveness in non-transformed mammary epithelial cells and breast carcinoma, respectively (see below) [56,57]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast carcinoma.