The cytokine profile of splenocytes stimulated by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies showed that T. spiralis-infected CIA mice produced significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ (Th1), IL-17 (Th17), and TNF-α, but higher level of Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and regulatory cytokine IL-10 compared with CIA mice without infection (Figure 3B). Here, IL4 is linked to infection.