Consistent with this, the levels of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β were reduced in the lungs of wild-type mice treated with nemiralisib prior to S. pneumoniae infection (Fig. 7c), indicating that, while PI3Kδ signaling affect the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in response to infection, the increase in response to PI3Kδ hyper-activation is modest. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.