When stratifying by RA subtype and gender, we found that a high Mediterranean diet score was associated with a non-significantly reduced risk of RF-positive RA among women (adjusted OR (ORadj) = 0.81, 95% CI 0.61–1.07), and was similar in ACPA-positive RA (ORadj = 0.85, 95% CI 0.64–1.13), while among men there was a reduced risk in both RF-positive (ORadj = 0.44, 95% CI 0.26–0.74) and ACPA-positive RA (ORadj = 0.46, 95% CI 0.28–0.76). Here, PRTN3 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.