These include chronic hyperglycaemia, which can provoke structural and functional changes in the vascular wall by various mechanisms such as deterioration of antioxidant defence mechanisms [28, 29], overexpression of advanced glycation end-products, and enhancement of collagen cross-linking [30]; and insulin resistance, which is linked to increased oxidative stress [31–34], impairment of endothelial function impairment [31–33], and induction of low-grade inflammation [31, 32]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Hyperglycemia.