A CCL2 antagonizing L-RNA aptamer (Spiegelmer) was found to improve renal function in experimental studies and after confirming a safety profile in a phase 1 clinical trial in humans, emapticappegol (NOX-E36) was evaluated in a phase 2a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and albuminuria (Table 2). Here, CCL2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.