According to the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, several cancer-related pathways were significantly enriched, such as MAPK signalling, viral carcinogenesis, pathways in cancer, TGF-β signalling, cell cycle, renal cell carcinoma (Fig. 3a, Supplementary Fig. 5), strengthening the significance of genes differentially methylated and expressed in the Alb-R26Met cancer model. Here, TGFB1 is linked to hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma.