VDR and myopia: There has also been a suspicion that deficiency is a risk factor for myopia [3-5] though a recent report appears to contradict this being a direct effect [6]. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in the cornea, ciliary body, lens, retina, and retinal pigment epithelium and polymorphisms in the receptor and its start codon have been linked to myopia [7-9].