IL1B and escherichia coli infection: Given the significant potential of IL-1 family cytokines to cause detrimental inflammation and pyroptosis to control the spread of intracellular pathogens (Jorgensen et al., 2016; Lannitti et al., 2016), the role of ASC in regulating inflammasome activity during E. coli infection must be examined in detail to determine and how L. rhamnosus GR-1 regulates the immune response to prevent E. coli-associated bovine mastitis.