TNF and infection: Inflammatory monocytes have been shown to be critical for clearance of a K. pneumoniae ST258 strain by producing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) that then recruits interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing innate lymphocytes (38), and IL-17 has also been shown to control infection with ATCC 43816 (55), the strain from which KPPR1S was derived.