Accordingly, all trials that compared checkpoint inhibitor with chemotherapy reported survival outcomes in the form of hazard ratio (HR) according to various PD-L1 cut-off levels1–3,5,6,8–11, and most studies reported an association between increased PD-L1 expression level on tumor cells and enhanced efficacy of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors1–3,5,6,9–13. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.