This observation fitted with the observed increase in LTBP-1 mRNA and protein,45associated with the increase in ECM protein turnover reported in TAA.46This was associated with higher levels of Smad2 mRNA, phosphorylated Smad2 protein, and nucleus translocation in the ascending aortic wall from all types of aneurysm. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and aneurysm.