In a murine pharmacological model of rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism, chemical blockade of sodium pumps with ouabain in the basal ganglia induces parkinsonism without dystonia, whereas injections in the cerebellum induce ataxia and then dystonia, and the ensuing dystonia is preventable by lesioning the cerebellar–basal ganglia connections in the contralateral thalamic nucleus36. This evidence concerns the gene ATP12A and Parkinsonism.