For instance, it has been shown that TNF treatment decreased the HGF production by BM-MSCs derived from SLE patients via the TNFR1/IKK-β pathway (80) and induced apoptosis in BM-MSCs from ankylosing spondylitis patients via TNFR1-mediated upregulation of TRAIL-R2 (133). Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.