Elevated plasma concentrations of TGF-β1 were found in heart failure patients.26 However, in the Cardiovascular Health Study, TGF-β1 concentrations were not associated with risk of heart failure.27 A recent review showed that there is a shortage of studies investigating the predictive value of TGF-β1 on mortality, and based on the available evidence, TGF-β1 was not one of the promising biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with heart failure.28 This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and heart failure.