From the perspective of niche regulation of motility and T cell recruitment, it is notable that many non-hematopoietic tissue cells can express PD-L1 under the influence of inflammatory cytokines such as interferons (Eppihimer et al., 2002, Schreiner et al., 2004) and that many types of tumors and tumor-associated macrophages can densely express PD-L1 (Gibbons Johnson and Dong, 2017, Kythreotou et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.