Other secreted factors, such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and endothelin 1 (EDN1), as well as miRNAs such as miR-21 and miR-27a, have further defined an overlapping molecular hierarchy important to the remodeled ECM in PAH [as reviewed in Negi and Chan (3)]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.