TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Similar to some mutSOD1 species, TDP-43 aggregates, isolated from the brains of ALS and FTLD (frontotemporal lobar dementia) patients, self-propagate in the ubiquitinated and phosphorylated form through EXOs in cultured human neuroblastoma cells (Nonaka et al., 2013; Iguchi et al., 2016) also demonstrated that exposure of Neuro2a cells to EXOs from an ALS brain, but not from a control brain, caused cytoplasmic redistribution of TDP-43, an important marker of proteinopathy.