IFNA1 and infection: Although some authors argue that parasites ability to generate a subclinical infection is critical for immunization, to result in lasting protection, such as in the case of leishmanization15,52–56, parasites may generate a protective immune response without, however, infecting the host, by the activation of dendritic cells and T lymphocytes IFN-ɣ production as demonstrated in immunizations with L. tarentolae57.