Targeted recombination of the coding sequence of mature TGF-β1 with a sequence from TGF-β3 partially prevented autoimmune diseases caused by TGF-β1 deficiency, indicating that TGF-β3 is not fully interchangeable with TGF-β1 and that they have distinct immunoregulatory roles [97]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB3 and autoimmune disease.