TP53 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In human HCC, the p53 pathway has an effect on many levels i.e., (a) about 50% aflatoxin-mediated HCC cases exhibit p53 mutations while 20–30% cases of non-aflatoxin mediated HCC show p53 mutations; (b) microdeletions of p14ARF rarely occurs in HCC with p53 mutation while it is reported in 15-20% of human HCC; (c) human HCC also shows elevated Mdm2 expression; (d) over expression of gankyrin, an oncoprotein, is commonly observed in human HCC, which imposes restriction on the pRb and p53 [33].