We next used monoclonal antibodies against Pf. conserved Plasmodium protein, Pf.RACK, Pf.TRP1 and Pf.WARP to determine whether these novel biomarkers can detect P. falciparum infection of mosquitoes by western blot analysis prior to day 8, the earliest time point that anti-Pf.CSP can detect an infection (Fig. 2a–e). Here, VWA1 is linked to infection.