TNF and immune system disorder: Once LPS is released into the blood system, it can trigger monocytes and phagocytic cells to secrete large amounts of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and various others that contribute to the pathophysiology of septic shock and other immune diseases (Aderem & Ulevitch, 2000; Sun & Shang, 2015).