In addition, upregulation of PD-1 and PD-L1 have been seen in sarcoid tissue, which would conversely suggest that inhibition of the PD-1 or PD-L1 pathway may actually be beneficial in treatment of sarcoidosis, which is evocative of the paradoxical effects mentioned above with TNF-alpha inhibition [11]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is sarcoidosis.