MCM2 and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: In a Phase II clinical trial, 6 months of lycopene intervention marginally reduced nuclear levels of proliferative marker MCM-2 and cell cycle regulator p27 in benign prostate tissue from patients diagnosed with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).28 After a 3-month lycopene or tomato product intervention, analysis of normal prostate tissue from low-risk PCa patients (Gleason sum ≤ 6) showed apoptotic signaling and nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2) 2-mediated oxidative stress response as the top two ranked pathways altered by treatment compared to placebo.29