IFNA1 and diabetes mellitus: Relevant examples include high levels of IFN-α detected in the pancreas of diabetic patients (9), absence of autoantibodies able to neutralize IFN-α in the subset of AIRE-deficient (APS1) patients who developed diabetes (10), induction of diabetes in non-autoimmune prone C57BL/6 mice by overexpression of IFN-α in β-cells (11), accumulation of high levels of TI-IFN in NOD mice (12), and delay of disease onset (and decreased incidence) with early blockade of TI-IFN receptor signaling (13).