Importantly, although both FOXP3+ and FOXP3− cells had the same relative level of activation (Figure 8D), the absolute number of FOXP3+ cells expressing CTLA4 was lower than that of Tfh-type cells (Figure 9J), which suggests that therapeutic anti-CTLA4 antibodies (e.g., Ipilimumab) primarily target activated Tfh-like effector cells and thereby directly enhance their activities in tumor microenvironments. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.