To mimic the circumstance of epithelial cells during colitis, 2.5% DSS, IFN-γ (1000 U) or LPS (500 ng/ml) were applied to mimic epithelial cell damage in colitis in vitro respectively (Araki et al., 2006; Cao et al., 2013; Satyam et al., 2017). Here, IFNG is linked to colitis.