It is noteworthy that all well-known signalling pathway-related genes, such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgfb1), epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr), and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (Src), activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and thereby regulate the expression of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), which is associated with AD. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.