Thus, bovine G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) was reported to have a significantly reducing effect on the number of cattle with clinical mastitis as well as on the absolute neutrophil counts in a herd investigation involving 211 periparturient Holstein cows and heifers given two doses of PEGylated (polyethylene glycol-attached) bovine G-CSF subcutaneously at day-7 and 1 after parturition [16]. The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is mastitis.