For example, in pancreatic cancer, TAMs can be recruited into the microenvironment to regulate the stemness of pancreatic CSCs for initiation, and pancreatic CSCs secrete factors such as IFNβ to stimulate TAMs for stemness maintenance; PSCs can secrete several factors to promote the growth of pancreatic cancer; factors/exosomes from the primary microenvironment can induce formation of the pre-metastatic niche in liver and lung; and the microenvironment in the metastatic niche can induce pancreatic cancer dormancy for recurrence. Here, IFNB1 is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.