More recently, Stelling and colleagues identified TGF-β/TGFR-2/Smad1 axis as the upstream regulator in suppressing the expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 2 (S1PR2), a bona fide tumour suppressor in DLBCL, to provide a significant proliferative advantage to DLBCL cells in vitro and in vivo [179]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD1 and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.