According to the authors, this chemopreventive effect was associated to the inhibition of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and histone H3, which are direct downstream signaling targets of lymphokine-activated killer T-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK), that in turn is highly up-regulated in many cancers such as lymphoma, leukemia, melanoma, colorectal, breast, lung cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma. This evidence concerns the gene PBK and cholangiocarcinoma.