TNF and breast cancer: In BC, NF-қB activation increases the expression of CCL2 [66] and other inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/interleukins, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and CXCL8, as well as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) [67, 68].