This dualistic model has also been supported by molecular studies where Type I EEC has been symbolized by frequent alterations in PTEN, PIK3CA, KRAS, CTNNB1, and ARID1A as well as defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) resulting in the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype (O’Hara and Bell, 2012). The gene discussed is PTEN; the disease is exstrophy-epispadias complex.