VEGFA and open-angle glaucoma: Among these growth factors, the levels of several factors such as TGF-β, VEGF, CTGF, and MCP-1 increased in the AH in POAG, XFG, or neovascular glaucoma patients, which suggests that these factors stimulated the signaling pathway leading to myofibroblast transdifferentiation of HCFs, monocyte-derived cell infiltration, and ECM remodeling after trabeculectomy11,13–15,27.