Many procedures including adjunctive treatment with antiproliferative agents such as MMC, 5-fluorouracil, or anti-TGF-β antibodies have tried to prevent scarring and bleb failure, but these treatments have failed to maintain tissue health, and often led to thin-walled blebs with a risk for bleb leakage and infection, without facilitating the successful formation of glaucoma filtration blebs24–26. Here, TGFB1 is linked to infection.