VCAM1 and Alzheimer disease: These findings are in keeping with a recent report demonstrating that serum and CSF neuroinflammation biomarker signatures that included ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-15, and Flt-1 could identify individuals who had AD CSF profile (abnormal p-tau/Aβ42 ratio) in a group of patients with MCI.43 Of note, there was a considerable overlap in the CSF levels of YKL-40, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-15, and Flt-1 between different groups in our study, suggesting that AD might be accompanied by neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in a subpopulation of patients.