TNF and Obesity: Obesity leads to increasing expression of the following: proinflammatory cells such as macrophages; integrins such as CD11b and CD11c; cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2); and triggers such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), metabolic endotoxemia, lipid spillover, and adipokines.