Consistent with human celiac disease, GSE in macaques is characterized by a wide range of severity, ranging from the subclinical to severe form that includes decreased absorption of nutrients, decreased xenobiotic metabolism, cancer predisposition, diarrhea, dermatitis, decreased diversity of gut microbiome, presence of TG2 autoantibodies, and MHC II-mediated genetic predisposition (13, 18, 19). This evidence concerns the gene TGM2 and celiac disease.