In contrast to other studies that have shown a correlation between IDO expression and lower cytotoxic T cell infiltration rates and higher frequencies of Tregs, as well as an association of IDO levels with poor prognosis in different tumor types, including colorectal cancer (55), endometrial cancer (56, 57), ovarian cancer (58), and breast cancer (59), our findings did not point to a clear-cut association between IDO protein expression and poor patient outcome. Here, IDO1 is linked to neoplasm.