IL34 and coronary stenosis: Serum levels of IL-34 were significantly elevated in patients with ischemic heart failure compared with those without cardiac dysfunction (122.52 ± 136.43 vs. 88.78 ± 93.32 pg/ml, P < 0.001); additionally, they were also increased in CAD patients than in those without coronary stenosis (111.75 ± 124.53 vs. 82.57 ± 84.24 pg/ml, P < 0.001) (Figure 1A).