CCL4 and atherosclerosis: Since it is capable of up-regulating the expression of chemokine ligands CCL2, CCL4, CCR1, as well as CCR5, which play a part in the recruitment of monocytesand macrophages (Preisser et al., 2014), IL-34 may influence the process of ischemic myocardial injury and atherosclerosis by regulating monocytes migration and macrophages differentiation (Swirski et al., 2009; Robbins et al., 2012), as well as mononuclear phagocyte adhesion to the endothelium and angiogenesis (Segaliny et al., 2015).