IL34 and fibrosis: Taking into consideration that IL-34 level was significantly elevated in ICM patients in comparison with those already diagnosed with CAD, but with normal cardiac function, along with the contribution of IL-34 as a risk factor of HF in patients with CAD, it may exacerbate cardiac dysfunction as a potent pro-fibrotic factor inducing cardiac fibrosis through galectin-3 and transforming growth factor β pathway., Nevertheless, it’s still of vital importance to further explore the direct function of IL-34 in cardiac remodeling and its underlying mechanisms.