Chronic stress and the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α lead to chronic neuroinflammation, which contributes to depression [27, 28]. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly increased in the hippocampus of control mice, although this effect was ameliorated by treatment with GBH, FXT, and AMT (Figure 5). Here, TNF is linked to depressive disorder.