PON1 and atherosclerosis: Numerous clinical studies have shown an association of low PON1 activity with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (Jarvik et al., 2000; Mackness et al., 2003; Gur et al., 2006; Rosenblat et al., 2006; Soran et al., 2008; Sun et al., 2016; Verit et al., 2008).