TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: High tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α levels and local inflammation have been shown to inhibit β‐Klotho expression in adipose tissue (Diaz‐Delfin et al., 2012), and it has been hypothesized that a local proinflammatory environment is responsible for β‐Klotho downregulation in obesity.